Note: While research on alcohol is evolving, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention says drinking less or not at all is better for your health.
The cumulative effects of unhealthy habits may kick in sooner than you’d like to think. A newer study suggests that habits such as smoking, drinking, and being sedentary can start aging you as early as your mid-thirties. (The study followed more than 300 people for 30 years to understand the cumulative effects of these habits.)
“Your habits of today decide your tomorrow,” says Ankur S. Patel, MD, a board-certified geriatrician based in Moorestown, New Jersey, and the president of Inspira Living Independently for Elders, a program that ensures older adults can live independently at home for as long as possible.
Research on lifestyle habits distinguishes between chronological age (how old you are in years) and biological age (a measure of your body’s health and function). Lifestyle habits and genetics can result in a biological age that’s significantly older than chronological age, and vice versa.
The good news is you have a lot more control over how you age than you might think. While genetics account for about 15 to 25 percent of the effects of aging on your body, the other 75 to 85 percent is lifestyle.
To keep your chronological and biological age in sync, avoid the following habits.
1. Smoking
You’re unlikely to develop diseases such as emphysema or lung cancer due to smoking as early as your thirties, but smoking in younger adulthood lays the groundwork for future issues. “Just because you’re not having symptoms doesn’t give us the reassurance that there isn’t something happening at a cellular level,” says Pamila Brar, MD, the medical director of the longevity program and a senior associate consultant in the department of internal medicine at the Mayo Clinic in Jacksonville, Florida.
Smoking causes cellular changes in your body, such as increased system-wide inflammation and oxidative stress, both of which contribute to chronic health conditions that are more common with age, including heart disease, stroke, and type 2 diabetes.
Smoking also disrupts proteins and lipids (fats) in the skin barrier (the outermost layer of the skin), accelerating wrinkling and other signs of skin aging, such as pigmentation. Research in 52 men with an average age of their mid-thirties found that those who smoked (roughly 28 men) showed greater signs of skin aging than those who had never smoked (about 24 men), as measured by the density of their skin and the surface area of their nasolabial folds (also called “smile lines”).
Your safest approach is to never start a smoking or vaping habit. If you do use tobacco, try to quit. “If you stop, at least for many people, those negative consequences are greatly diminished, or can even be completely overcome,” adds Matt Kaeberlein, PhD, a longevity researcher in Seattle and the CEO of Optispan, a health-span technology company. Indeed, quitting smoking can add as many as 10 years to your life expectancy.
2. Too Much Alcohol
Young adults who drink even small amounts of alcohol may face a higher risk for age-related concerns like high blood pressure (hypertension), stroke, heart disease, liver disease, and some cancers later in life.
While blood tests may not reveal signs of alcohol-related liver damage in your mid-thirties, there may be genetic changes happening that set you up for alcohol-related health problems down the road, Dr. Brar says. For example, research in twins suggests that alcohol use triggers a change in DNA that may turn on or off certain genes that play a role in your likelihood of developing chronic disease.
Alcohol is also dehydrating, which can dry out and damage your skin over time, making you look older than you are, says Rehan Karim, DO, a board-certified dermatologist with U.S. Dermatology Partners in Dallas.
It’s best to skip alcohol altogether. But that’s not realistic for everyone. If you decide to drink, try to keep it moderate. Most health organizations generally define that as no more than one drink per day for women or two drinks per day for men.
3. Lack of Exercise
Physical inactivity has a number of potential risks for your overall health and how well you age. Too little exercise sets you up for muscle and bone weakness, which increases your risk of developing osteoporosis later in life, Dr. Kaeberlein says.
A sedentary lifestyle can also contribute to older-looking skin in your mid-thirties because it reduces the amount of nutrient-rich blood that might otherwise be delivered to your skin during exercise, Dr. Karim says.
Physical inactivity can also lead to hidden changes in body composition. You might not necessarily notice a lack of muscle mass by your mid-thirties, especially if you’re still at a healthy weight and feeling fit and strong. But if a healthcare provider were to measure your muscle mass and visceral fat, you may have more body fat than is ideal for your height and weight, which can speed up muscle loss and increase your risk of life-threatening chronic conditions, Brar says.
Dr. Patel recommends breaking exercise into manageable chunks of 30 minutes of physical activity several times throughout the week. Find a form of physical activity that you enjoy, like playing a team sport, gardening, walking, or swimming, he says. And be sure to get at least two full-body strength training workouts per week.
